Neuroplasticity is the ability of the nervous system to change its activity by rewiring its structure, functions and connections in response to experience, learning, the environment or injury. It is what allows the brain to learn and recover.
What it is and the types
A distinction is drawn between structural plasticity (the growth and remodeling of processes and synapses) and functional plasticity (the redistribution of functions between brain regions). At the heart of learning is synaptic plasticity — a change in the strength of connections between neurons. The classic mechanism is long-term potentiation (LTP), first described by Bliss and Lømo in 1973.
The basis of learning and memory
When we master something, the connections between neurons that fire together are strengthened — loosely put as the rule “neurons that fire together wire together.” This is how memory and skills form. The capacity for such rewiring is directly linked to BDNF — a growth factor that supports synapses.
Plasticity, recovery and aging
Thanks to plasticity the brain partly recovers after a stroke and injury: intact regions take on some of the functions. With age plasticity declines but does not disappear — this is the basis of cognitive reserve. Plasticity is enhanced by physical activity, learning new things, quality sleep and motivation.
Calculate using this marker
Calculators where Neuroplasticity is used directly:
Frequently asked questions
Is neuroplasticity preserved in older people?
Yes. With age plasticity declines but is preserved throughout life. Learning new things, physical activity and quality sleep help maintain it — this is the basis of cognitive reserve.
What enhances neuroplasticity?
Regular aerobic activity (which raises BDNF), mastering new skills and languages, adequate sleep, social activity and motivation. There are no specific “plasticity pills” with proven benefit.
Related terms
Sources
- Neuroplasticity (StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf)
- BDNF mediates the effects of exercise on cognition (PMC)