Working memory is a limited-capacity system that holds and, at the same time, processes information "in the mind": while you are solving a sum, keeping an address in your head or following the thread of a conversation. It underlies reasoning, planning and executive functions.
How it differs from short-term memory
The terms are often confused. Short-term memory is a simple store that merely holds information for a short time. Working memory goes further: it lets you manipulate that data — compare, rearrange, update it. In other words, short-term memory stores, while working memory also works with the contents.
Baddeley's model and capacity
Alan Baddeley's classic model (1974) describes working memory as several components: the central executive directs attention, the phonological loop holds sound and speech information, the visuospatial sketchpad holds images and space, and the later-added episodic buffer links the data with long-term memory. Its capacity is small: historically it was estimated at "7±2" items (Miller, 1956), but modern data from Cowan give about 4 chunks in young adults.
Brain basis and aging
A key role is played by the prefrontal cortex, whose neurons sustain steady activity while information is "in use". With age, working-memory capacity gradually declines — largely because the prefrontal cortex suffers more than other regions in aging, and the processing speed of information falls. Physical activity, learning new things and adequate sleep help support it — the things that strengthen cognitive reserve.
Calculate using this marker
Calculators where Working memory is used directly:
Frequently asked questions
Can working memory be trained?
Training such as n-back tasks improves performance on the exercises themselves, but the transfer of that improvement to general intelligence and everyday tasks is not scientifically proven. Aerobic exercise, sleep and learning new things work more reliably.
How does working memory differ from short-term memory?
Short-term memory simply holds information for a few seconds. Working memory additionally lets you manipulate it — for example, holding numbers in mind while adding them at the same time.